What are Java’s key principles of OOP?

Java’s key principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) are Encapsulation, Abstraction, Inheritance, and Polymorphism. These principles help in designing modular, reusable, and maintainable code.

Encapsulation: It is the practice of bundling data (variables) and methods that operate on the data into a single unit, i.e., a class. Encapsulation restricts direct access to some of an object’s components, which enhances security and hides implementation details. Access modifiers such as private, protected, and public help enforce encapsulation.

Abstraction: Abstraction focuses on hiding the complex implementation details and only showing the necessary features of an object. It allows developers to work with high-level structures without worrying about low-level implementation. Abstract classes and interfaces in Java are used to achieve abstraction.

Inheritance: Inheritance allows one class (child/subclass) to acquire the properties and behaviors of another class (parent/superclass). This promotes code reusability and helps in building hierarchical relationships. Java uses the extends keyword for class inheritance and implements for interface inheritance.

Polymorphism: Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated as objects of a common superclass. It enables a single interface to represent different underlying forms (data types). Polymorphism can be compile-time (method overloading) or runtime (method overriding). It enhances flexibility and scalability in programming.

Java’s OOP principles are essential for software development, making applications modular, scalable, and easier to maintain. These concepts are widely used in building enterprise applications, Android apps, and web development. To master OOP and its real-world applications, enrolling in a Java Full Stack Developer Course can be highly beneficial.

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