What are the four pillars of object-oriented programming in Java?

The four pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java are Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, and Abstraction. These principles help in designing robust, scalable, and maintainable software applications.

Encapsulation:
Encapsulation refers to the bundling of data (variables) and methods that operate on the data into a single unit, i.e., a class. It restricts direct access to some components, which helps in data hiding and protection. Java achieves encapsulation by using access modifiers like private, protected, and public.

Inheritance:
Inheritance is a mechanism that allows a class (child class) to inherit properties and behavior from another class (parent class). This promotes code reusability and hierarchical relationships. Java supports single and multilevel inheritance through the extends keyword but does not support multiple inheritance directly to avoid ambiguity.

Polymorphism:
Polymorphism means “many forms,” allowing a single interface to represent different underlying forms. It is classified into compile-time polymorphism (method overloading) and runtime polymorphism (method overriding). Polymorphism enhances flexibility and scalability in Java applications.

Abstraction:
Abstraction hides implementation details and exposes only the necessary functionalities. It is achieved through abstract classes (using the abstract keyword) and interfaces. Abstraction helps in reducing code complexity and increasing maintainability.

Mastering these OOP principles is essential for Java developers, especially those working on large-scale applications. Understanding these concepts is a key part of learning advanced Java development, which is covered in detail in a Java full stack developer course.

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