What is JVM and how it executes code?

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a crucial component of the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) that enables Java applications to be platform-independent. It provides a runtime environment in which Java bytecode can be executed, meaning that code written in Java can run on any device or operating system that has a compatible JVM installed.

When a Java program is written, it is first compiled by the Java compiler (javac) into bytecode — an intermediate, platform-independent code. This bytecode is not specific to any processor or operating system. Instead, it is understood by the JVM. During execution, the JVM reads this bytecode and translates it into native machine code using either an interpreter or a Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler.

The JVM performs several essential functions during this process:

Class Loading: It loads .class files dynamically at runtime using the class loader subsystem.

Bytecode Verification: It ensures the code adheres to Java’s security constraints and does not perform illegal operations.

Execution Engine: This component executes the bytecode. The JIT compiler translates bytecode into native code to improve performance by reducing interpretation overhead.

Memory Management: The JVM manages memory through automatic garbage collection, which reclaims memory occupied by objects that are no longer in use.

The JVM also supports features like multithreading, exception handling, and security. It abstracts away the complexity of different hardware and OS configurations, allowing Java developers to “write once, run anywhere.”

Understanding how the JVM works is critical for building efficient and scalable Java applications, especially when working on backend systems, APIs, or enterprise-level software. This knowledge is a fundamental part of mastering skills in a Java Full Stack Developer Course.

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